About the Journal

This journal is covered by Thomson Reuters Materials Science Citation Index ExpandedTM,CAB Internacional Abstracting Services and Scopus.

Wood Research publishes original papers aimed at recent advances in all branches of wood science (biology, chemistry, wood physics and mechanics, mechanical and chemical processing etc.). Submission of the manuscript implies that it has not been published before and it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

e-ISSN 2729-8906
ISSN 1336-4561

Editors

Monika STANKOVSKÁ

Editor

Pulp and Paper Research Institute,
Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-841 04 Bratislava,
Slovak Republic

Štefan ŠTELLER

Editor

Slovak Forest Products Research Institute,
Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-841 04 Bratislava,
Slovak Republic

Vladimír IHNÁT

Associate Editor

Slovak Forest Products Research Institute,
Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-841 04 Bratislava,
Slovak Republic

Indexing & Ranking

WoodResearch in Numbers

70
Years of Publication
5717
Number of Papers
650
Number of Authors Origin

Latest Articles

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 70, Number 2, 2025
JING LANG, JIANJUN ZHOU, ZHENZHONG TANG, and JIANHUI ZHANG

Recent Advances in Strengthening and Reinforcing Technologies for Paper Documents: A Comprehensive Review

The reinforcement and strengthening of paper documents have garnered widespread global attention. Delaying the degradation process of paper documents, enhancing their restoration and protection measures hold profound historical and cultural significance for the inheritance of cultural heritage. This study provides a comprehensive review of international advancements in the primary types of strengthening and reinforcement materials as well as the corresponding reaction mechanisms for paper documents. Furthermore, it offers a forward-looking perspective on emerging research trends in the field of reinforcement and preservation for paper documents

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 70, Number 2, 2025
LI XUELI, ZHANG YAOYI, ZHU LIZHI, FU ZHIQIANG, SONG SHUAIHAO, and WU JING

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL/WOOD FLOUR PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS INCORPORATED INTO BIODEGRADABLE WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITES FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

To enhance the mechanical and thermal stability of wood-plastic composite phase change materials (WPC PCMs), polyethylene glycol (PEG)/wood flour (WF) PCMs were prepared via solution impregnation. These were added to cellulose, polycaprolactone (PCL), and polylactic acid (PLA)-blended degradable plastics and then compression-molded into WPC PCMs. The materials were characterized using mechanical and thermal tests (SEM, FT-IR, DSC, TG). Research shows that capillary action enables WF to encapsulate PEG, reducing post-phase transition leakage and facilitating heat storage. As PEG content changes, phase change enthalpy and temperature first decrease, then increase, and finally stabilize, with a high latent heat of 33.97 J/g. WPC PCMs exhibit good thermal stability with increasing PEG. When the addition amount of PEG was 30%, compared with the initial decomposition temperature and the maximum decomposition temperature of the material without PEG addition, they increased by 24.4°C and 26.9°C respectively.PEG increases the thermal conductivity of WPC PCMs within a certain range, but the increase is limited. Due to its simple preparation, WPC PCMs have broad application prospects in solar and biomass energy storage

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 70, Number 2, 2025
YOSAFAT AJI PRANATA and BAMBANG SURYOATMONO

Behavior of Bolted Beam-to-Column Timber Connections using Double Steel Plates

This study aims to investigate the behavior of bolted beam-to-column timber connections with double steel plates. The behavior of the connections, as their strength, initial rotational stiffness, energy dissipation, and ductility ratio, were studied. Test specimens made of red meranti species (Shorea spp.) connected by 5-mm thick steel plates on both sides, and bolted joints of diameters 10 mm and 12 mm were used. Experimental tests of the connections conform to the EN 26891: 1991. The failure mode is splitting of the bolt row path in the column for all connections with the same numbers of bolts in the beam and the column, and splitting of the bolt row path in the beam for all connections with fewer numbers of bolts in the beam than those in the column. Moreover, the results show that the use of combined bolts and double steel plates has an impact in increasing both the ductility ratio and the energy dissipation of the connections

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 70, Number 2, 2025
ZHIYING TIAN, SAIYIN FANG, MING LI, TINGTING DENG, ERZHUANG ZHAI, CHUMIN CHEN, and YONGCHUAN WU

THE ANISOTROPIC VELOCITY MODEL OF INTERNAL ACOUSTIC EMISSION SIGNALS IN ZELKOVA WOOD AND THE INFLUENCE OF HOLES ON THEIR PROPAGATION PROCESS

In this article, an acoustic emission (AE) source was generated through pencil-lead break (PLB). On Zelkova schneideriana specimens featuring central through-holes with diameters ranging from 8 to 16 mm, the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) in combination with the least squares fitting approach was utilized to establish an anisotropic model of the AE wave velocity within the wood as it varies with the detection angle. Then, a pulse signal was generated through a signal generator to analyze the influence of the holes on the peak values of AE signals at different angles. The results indicate that when the propagation angle is less than 80°, the AE wave velocity rises rapidly with the increase of the angle and eventually approximates the longitudinal wave velocity along the grain. The AE signal peak emerged in the direction approximately 30° for the specimen without holes. In the presence of holes, as the hole diameter increases, the variation trend of AE peak amplitudes within an angular range of -18° to +18° relative to the hole center becomes progressively smoother, with a concurrent reduction in their mean value. This distinct characteristic can serve as a robust indicator for identifying internal hole defects in wood

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 70, Number 2, 2025
YONGCHUAN WU, SAIYIN FANG, MING LI, TINGTING DENG, CHUMIN CHEN, and ZHIYING TIAN

ANISOTROPIC PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION SIGNALS IN WOOD

This study investigates the propagation characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) signals in Zelkova schneideriana and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolic along different directions, with a focus on amplitude and frequency variations. Sinusoidal signals ranging from 10 to 400 kHz, along with pulsed signals of 1 μs width and 1 s period, were generated using an arbitrary waveform generator to simulate the AE source. Experiments were conducted on 80 mm cubic wood specimens, with the AE source and sensors positioned at the geometric centers of each surface. AE signals were recorded at a sampling rate of 2 MHz. The results indicate that, at the same frequency, the Zelkova schneideriana exhibits higher signal amplitude and energy than the Pinus sylvestris var. mongolic. Frequency response analysis further reveals that wood enhances the propagation of signals below 75 kHz, while significantly attenuating signals above 200 kHz in the transverse direction

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 70, Number 2, 2025
JÁN SEDLIAČIK, PAVLO BEKHTA, IGOR NOVÁK, ANGELA KLEINOVÁ, MATEJ MIČUŠÍK, JÁN MATYAŠOVSKÝ, and PETER JURKOVIČ

SURFACE PROPERTIES OF HYDRO-THERMALLY MODIFIED BEECH WOOD AFTER RADIO-FREQUENCY DISCHARGE PLASMA TREATMENT

Heat treatment is widely used to improve the properties of wood, in particular its color. However, this treatment causes changes in the surface properties of wood, the surface becomes hydrophobic, which can cause serious problems when gluing or coating. In this study, the radio-frequency discharge (RFD) plasma was used to increase the hydrophilicity of the steam-modified beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood due to the formation of various polar groups (e.g., hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, etc.). The increased surface polarity improves the wettability and hydrophilicity due to oxidation reactions. Tensile shear strength properties of lap joints were processed according to EN 205. Plasma-treated samples showed higher strength when compared to plasma-non treated samples after the D4 test according to EN 204

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 70, Number 2, 2025
ÇAĞATAY ERSİN and MEHMET GÜNEŞ

MODELLING OF BIRCH WOOD (BETULA SPP.) SURFACE ROUGHNESS DEPENDING ON LASER PROCESSING PARAMETERS WITH RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

In this study, the effect of laser engraving parameters on birch wood surface roughness was investigated with response surface methodology (RSM) and a mathematical model was developed. Laser power (W%), speed (mm/min) and space (mm) were selected as independent variables. Ra, Rq and Rz surface roughness indices were measured as response variables. In the study, 20 experimental conditions were conducted with 3-factor and 3-level experimental designs using central composite design (CCD). Laser engraving power and space were determined as the most effective factors on surface roughness. Regression models were developed for each surface roughness index and the measurements were estimated. In the model created for Ra surface roughness, R² = 97.0% and the average error was found to be 4.9%, for Rq, R² = 96.8% and the average error was found to be 4.5%, for Rz, R² = 96.6% and the average error was found to be 4.0%. It is understood that the surface roughness values will be predicted with high accuracy with the created model

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 70, Number 2, 2025
ZIXING MA, MENG ZHOU, YANGYI WANG, QIYUE WANG, HELAN XU, and XIULIANG HOU

PREPARATION OF ECO-FRIENDLY COMPOSITE PAPER WITH GINKGO LEAF AND BIO-BASED FIBERS

Ginkgo leaf was treated with deep eutectic solvents and then mixed with bio-based fibers, willow catkins or kapok fibers as reinforcing materials to prepare ginkgo leaf composite paper. The effects of the papermaking process conditions and the proportion of ginkgo leaf on the properties of the composite paper were studied. The results showed that the properties of the composite paper were better when the proportion of ginkgo leaf was within the range of 70-90%, with a smooth surface, high strength, and flexibility, which can meet the needs of daily packaging. The higher the proportion of ginkgo leaf, the better the anti-ultraviolet property and the higher the strength. When the proportion of willow catkins or kapok fibers was higher, the water resistance and flexibility were better. Among them, when the proportion of ginkgo leaf was 90%, the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) could reach 128, showing excellent anti-ultraviolet property. When the proportion of ginkgo leaf was 70%, the water contact angle to composite paper was 144.2°, indicating water resistance

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 70, Number 2, 2025
GANIS LUKMANDARU, MUHAMMAD AKBAR FAQIH, and SIGIT SUNARTA

PULPING AND PAPERMAKING POTENTIAL OF ACACIA AULACOCARPA BENTH WOOD IN INDONESIA

In this study, samples from 27-year-old Acacia aulacocarpa grown on a plantation were examined to determine suitable kraft pulping conditions and properties for paper production. The results showed that A. aulacocarpa had a high basic density of 0.65 g/cm3 and a short fiber length of 0.84 mm. The derived values for Runkel, slenderness, and flexibility ratios were 1.02, 53.01, and 0.48, respectively. Five different active alkali concentrations ranging from 14% to 22%, with intervals of 2% were applied for kraft cooking. The percentages of reject, kappa number, and residual active alkali of black liquor were negatively related to the charge applied in pulping runs. Pulping with 18% active alkali content obtained a screened yield of 51.4% at a kappa number of 34.1. The 20% active alkali cook had the highest mechanical properties of the handsheets. The burst and tear indices met the Indonesian National Standard for leaf (hardwood) bleached kraft

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 70, Number 2, 2025
TSHWAFO ELIAS MOTAUNG, ELLA CEBISA LINGANISO-DZIIKE, ZIKHONA TETANA, LEHLOHONOLO FORTUNE KOAO, and SETUMO VICTOR MOTLOUNG

EFFECT OF ALKALINE TREATMENT ON MORPHOLOGY AND BIODEGRADATION OF BAGASSE AND MAIZE CELLULOSE

This study investigates the biodegradation behaviour of cellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and maize using chemical treatments involving sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium chlorite, and buffer solutions (NaOH and glacial acetic acid). The extraction process yielded cellulose at 38.00% from SCB and 45.14% from maize, based on the weight of the raw material. The resulting celluloses were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming their structural and chemical integrity. Biodegradability was evaluated through composting tests, revealing weight losses of 9.08% for SCB cellulose and 29.47% for maize cellulose. The higher degradation rate of maize-derived cellulose suggests enhanced biodegradability

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